初中英语句子成分分析
一.英语的句子按照一定的语法规律组成,从而表达一定的意义,一个句子一般由两个部分组成,主句部分和谓语部分,这两部分也是一个句子的主要部分,句子的次要部分就是宾语,定语,状语,表语.
主语 谓语 表语 宾语 定语 状语 补语 同位语
1.主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物,一般放在句首,主要由名词,数词,或者主格代词, 动名词,不定式, 以及主语从句.
The sun rises in the east （名词）
He likes dancing. （代词）
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词)
Seeing is believing. （动名词）
To see is to believe.（不定式）
What he needs is a book.（主语从句）
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语）
注意点: 代词做主语,要用主格代词, 动名词做主语就是动词加上ING形式,单独的一个动词原形是不能做主语的,一定要变成动名词.
不定式可以做主语,但是TO不能省略.
Exercise:
指出下列句中的主语：
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
2.谓语（predicative）:说明主语的动作，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。常常由行为动词,BE动词, 如果有助动词,或者情态动词,一起构成谓语部分.或者BE动词 DOING 构成谓语。
We study English.
He is asleep.
he can speak English
I have already finished the homework .
he will go to shanghai .
he was doing homework
注意点：谓语是一个句子的灵魂，一个完整的句子是不能没有谓语的。一般都是在主语后面，一般疑问句和特殊疑问句位置要变化。
英语的单个句子不能出现两个谓语，所以，BE 后面千万不能出现加行为动词原形的情况，在英语里如果出现两个动词，一般会用and , 或者不定式，动名词来解决。
1.Go and have a look . go , have a look . 都是动词，用and 连接，变成两个并列句了。
2.want to buy a book . want , buy都是动词,但是只能一个动词做谓语,后面的buy 前面加上to，成为了want 的宾语成分，就没有动词的功能了，to buy a book成为want 的宾语成分了。
3.Finish doing homework .同样道理,doing homework 成为finish 的宾语成分了，变成了动名词，失去了原来的动词的功能了，
Exercise:
选出句中谓语的中心词
① I don't like the picture on the wall.
A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes.
A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus?
A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.
A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast?
A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast
3. 表语（predicative）:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。名词，形容词，代词，副词，介宾短语，可以做表语
常见的系动词有：be, sound(听起来), look(看起来), feel(摸起来), smell(闻起来), taste(尝起来), remain(保持，仍是)，feel(感觉)
He is a teacher. （名词）
Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （代词）
Five and five is ten. （数词）
He is asleep. （形容词）
His father is in.（副词）
The picture is on the wall. (介词短语)
My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）
The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）
It sounds a good idea.
The sound sounds strange.
Exercise:
挑出下列句中的表语
①The old man was feeling very tired.
②She was the first to learn about it.
③ The leaves have turned yellow.
④Soon They all became interested in the subject.
4.宾语
1）宾语表示行为的对象，常由名词或者宾格代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。也有不定式，动名词做宾语，也有从句做宾语就是宾语从句。it 做形式宾语。介词后面的成分也是宾语。
I like China. （名词）
He hates you. （代词）
How many do you need? We need two. （数词）
I enjoy working with you. （动名词）
I hope to see you again. （不定式）
Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）
Want to have a look
Enjoy playing the piano .
I find it difficult to finish the work in such a short time .
2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）
He gave me a book yesterday.
Give the poor man some money.
注意：宾语在动词或者介词后面。代词做宾语要用宾格代词。动词也可以在介词后面，但是必须变成动名词，也就是加上ING.
Exercise:
挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework.
② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.
④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?
5.补语
1）宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。做宾语的成分：
名词，形容词，不定式，现在分词，副词，介宾短语
We elected him monitor.
We found nobody in.
I saw him go past the postoffice
I saw him swimming in the river
I left my wallet at home
please keep the classroom tidy every day.
2) 主补：对主语的补充
He was elected monitor.
注意：宾语补足语是对宾语补充说明关系的，宾语和补足语之间有主谓关系。
不定式做宾补，表示宾语的动作经常发生或者已经发生了。现在分词做宾语表示动作正在进行。
6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。做定语的一般有形容词，名词，介宾短语，不定式，现在分词，物主代词
Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）
He is our friend. （代词）
We belong to the third world.（数词）
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）
The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)
The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）
The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）
I have an idea to do it well.（不定式）
You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）
注意：名词做定语比较少，一般表示名词的用途或者材料的。
定语有前置定语和后置定语之分。一般的都是前置定语，不定式做定语一般都是后置，介宾短语做定语后置，形容词修饰复合不定代词，也是后置。个别副词做定语也是后置定语：day off, way out .
Exercise:
挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name.
② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.
⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
7.状语：表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。一般是副词，介词短语，不定式，或者状语从句。
I will go there tomorrow.
The meeting will be held in the meeting room.
The meat went bad because of the hot weather.
He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
I like some of you very much.
If you study hard, you will pass the exam.
He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well.
注意：介词短语有可能做状语，有可能做定语，这个要分清楚。
Exercise:
挑出下列句中的状语，并指明充当什么状语。
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs.
③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast.
⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
8.各个成分之间的位置关系：
1.主语一般在谓语前面。
2.宾语一般在谓语后面
3.定语一般修饰主语或者宾语的。
4.宾语在动词后面或者在介词后面
5.状语修饰谓语。
6.宾语是对宾语补充说明的，和宾语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。
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