初中英语语法专题--副词
一、副词定义：
1. 用来说明事情或动作发生的时间、地点、原因、方式等含义的词
2. 用来说明其它形容词或副词程度的词
二、副词的分类
副词按词汇意义和句法功能可分为时间副词、地点副词、频度副词、程度副词、方式副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词等。初中主要学习和掌握频度副词、方式副词、时间副词、地点副词即可。
J考点一 副词的分类与位置
1、表频率的副词
常见的频率副词有：always,often,usually,sometimes,never,ever,hardly,seldom.它们一般在行为动词之前，系动词、情态动词和助动词之后，.
①He always goes to school on foot.
②She has never been to Beijing.
③She is often late for work.
2、表示方式的副词
与方式相关的副词，如safely,quietly,quickly，politely loudly， luckily ，happily ，easily ，carefully ， slowly ， suddenly以及fast,late,hard,early等。
此类副词位于动词之后，如果是及物动词一般位于宾语之后。
①The children are dancing happily.
②They work hard.
③The students did their homework carefully.
3．程度副词
与程度相关的副词有：very , much , only, quite , as, too, too…for, too…to do, well, almost, even, a little , enough , rather, a lot , so,such , badly, nearly , further , really , widely , hardly , a bit等。
它们一般位于被修饰的词前面，但enough要放在被修饰的词后面。
①I can hardly know her name.
②The cake is so delicious
③He was badly hurt .
④He worked hard enough.
4．表时间、地点、方向的副词
（1）与时间相关的副词有: ago ,already, before, early, long, late, just, now, once, soon,
since, today, tomorrow ,tonight ,yesterday, yet等。
它们通常位于句末，有些也可位于句中如：already等。
①They’ll come back soon.
②They have finished the work already.=They have already finished the work.
（2）与地点、方向相关的副词经常位于动词之后与动词搭配构成短语动词。
outside, inside , upstair ,here ,there ,home, near, come back , turn left , go out
三、副词的考点
J考点1、副词的用法和位置
1).修饰动词作状语，位于动词后。
①He walked quietly into his bedroom.
②It is raining hard .
2).修饰形容词作状语，位于形容词前。
①You have a very nice watch. ②The machine is too heavy.
3).修饰另一副词作状语，位于另一副词前。
You walked too slowly, I couldn’t wait for you.
4）有时候也修饰整个句子
Unfortunately，he was out.
J考点2、副词的构成：
（1） 多数形容词 ly变成副词 . 大多数副词以ly结尾
recent ----recently sad—sadly slow---slowly
clear—clearly final—finally real—really kind- - kindly,
careful--- carefully, Silent----silently peaceful---peacefully Safe---safely
（2）以辅音字母加y结尾的形容词需改y为i加ly变成副词
happy-- happily, heavy-- heavily, easy-- easily, lucky--- luckily, angry---angrily,
(3)形容词不去e加ly变来的副词
polite--politely, wide--widely, Safe--safely, extreme-- extremely
(4)形容词需去e加ly变来的副词
True - Truly, gentle ---gently, comfortable-- comfortably possible---possibly simple --simply
terrible---terribly
特殊：good（形容词）—well（副词）好地 (well adj 身体健康的)
J考点3、副词的比较等级
副词的比较等级构成
1.规则变化
类别
构成方法
原级
比较级
最高级
单音节词
一般在词尾加er或est
hard
harder
hardest
以e结尾的只加r或st
wide
wider
widest
一辅音字母加y结尾的，先变y为i,再加er或est:
early---earlier---earliest
多音节词和部分双音节词
加more，most
carefully usefully
more carefully
more usefully
most carefully
most usefully
注意：形容词最高级前必须加定冠词the，但是副词最高级前则可要可不要。
2.不规则变化
原级
比较级
最高级
well
better
best
badly
worse
worst
much
more
most
little
less
least
far
farther(较远) further（进一步）
farthest(最远)
furthest（最大程度）
3.副词比较等级的用法
1. “（not）as/so 副词原级 as ”。这一结构表示两者相似或前者不如后者。例如：
You don’t get up so/as early as I. 你没我起得早。
2. “ as 副词原级 as possible/ one can ”。这一结构表示尽可能地做某事。例如：
Please get here as soon as possible/you can. 请尽快赶到这儿来。
3. “ 副词比较级 than ”。这一结构表示比对方强。例如：
Mike works more carefully than Jack. 迈克工作比杰克细心。
4. “ 副词比较级 and (同一)副词比较级”。表示越来越、、、例如：
He ran faster and faster. 他跑得越来越快。
5. “ the 副词比较级， the 副词比较级”。这一结构表示“越、、、就越、、、”例如：
The better I knew him, the more I like him. 我越了解他，就越喜欢他。
6. “ 副词最高级 比较范围 ”。这一结构中，比较范围常为含有介词in, of 或 among的短语。 例如： He studies (the) hardest among the boys. 在那群男生里，他学习最用功。
考点4、易错知识点辨析
1.兼有两种形式的副词
1) close与closely
close意思是"近"； closely 意思是"仔细地"
①He is sitting close to me. ②Watch him closely.
2)late 与lately
late意思是"晚"； lately 意思是"最近"
①You have come too late. ②What have you been doing lately?
3)deep与deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"
①He pushed the stick deep into the mud. ②Even father was deeply moved by the film.
4)high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much
①The plane was flying high. ②I think highly of your opinion.
5)wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"
①He opened the door wide. ②English is widely used in the world.
6)free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely 的意思是"无限制地"
①You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. ②You may speak freely; say what you like.
2.几组易混副词
1、hard和hardly的区别
(一)、hard可用作形容词或副词：
1. 当hard用作形容词时，意为“困难的、坚固的、努力的”等。例如：
①It’s hard for old people to change their ways. ②Steel is harder than wood.
2. 当hard用作副词时，意为“努力的、困难的、猛烈地”等。例如：
①Does Tom work hard at his lessons? ②It’s raining hard outside now. Don’t go out.
(二)、hardly只能用作副词，意为“几乎没有、几乎不”。例如：
①I can hardly see anything on the blackboard. ②My father hardly ever watches TV.
2、much too和too much区别
（一）(too) much 中心词是much
1．相当于形容词，意为“more than enough”，用在不可数名词前面作定语或在系动词后面作表语。如：
①Americans eat too much meat in my opinion．②I drank too much cola last night．
③The work is too much for her． ④She's afraid the trip will be too much for me．
2．相当于名词，在句子中作主语或宾语。如：
①Too much was happening all at once．②You have given me too much．
3．相当于副词，在句子中作状语。如：
①You work too much．②She talks too much．
（二）(much) too 中心词为too
much too的用法比较简单，只用作副词作状语，但它不单独使用，在句子中要修饰形容词或副词，但不修饰动词。如：
①You are much too kind to me．②It's much too cold．③You are driving much too fast．
【练习】1.we should not eat junk food .
A.too much B.much too C.too many D.much too
2.it's ____ hot in august in Nanjing .
A .many too B . much too C . very too D .to much
3.We don't have ____ time to work every year.
A much too B so many C too much D too many
答案1---3 ABC
四、also ,too, as well ,either, neither 意思 区别
Also 表示"也"是比较正式的用词, also 一般用于句子中,其位置在行为动词之前,动词to be之后。如有助动词或情态动词，一般应在助动词或情态动词后，为了强调，也可放在前面。
too 是普通用词,口语中用的多,too常置于句末，前面可用逗号，如置于句中，其前后均有逗号。
注意: also,too只能用于肯定句。
either 用于否定句中，表示前者不、、、，后者也不、、、，其位置一般放在句尾。
Neither 表示"两者都不"。
①I also went. ②You are also wrong.
①He is a singer ,too. ②He,too,is a singer.
①He didn't go there. I didn't either.
①In neither case can I agree. ② Neither of them wants to stop for a rest．
3) as well as
表示“不但……而且”“既是……也是”“而且”“还”。如：
He grows flowers as well as vegetables. 他既种菜也种花。
She shares (in) my troubles as well as my joys. 她与我同甘共苦。
They have a flat in town as well as a place in the country. 他们在城里有一套公寓，在乡村还有一所房子。
注：有时还可译为“除……之外，还”，与besides, in addition to的用法相似。如：
As well as learning to swim he has been taking Spanish lessons this summer. 今年夏天，他除了学习游泳外，他还在上西班牙语课。
弄清强调重点,A as well as B这一结构强调的重点是A不是B，即 A as well as B=not only B but also A，注意体会以下例句的译文：
She is clever as well as beautiful. 她不但漂亮，而且聪明。
He speaks Spanish as well as English and French. 他不仅会说英语和法语，而且会说西班牙语。
Actors have to learn their cues as well as their own lines. 演员不仅要记住台词，还要记住其他演员的暗示。
五、already、yet、still的区别
1）already是"已经",用在肯定句中,用在完成时中比较多,比如I've already been to London.
2）yet是"还"用于否定句,如I haven't gone there yet.
此外yet还有"但是"的意思,有时可以和but互换,比如The authorities claim that the situation in the area has been under control, yet the fact is not the case.(当局声称此地区局势已得到控制,但事实并不是那么回事.)
3）still是"仍然",如He should have been killed in the accident, but he is still alive.(他本应在事故中丧生,但他活着.)
六、ometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time
sometimes (有时)用于一般现在时、 sometime (在将来某时)用于将来时、
some times (数次)表示次数、
some time (一些时间)表示一段时间。
e.g. Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.
I will stay here some time.
I will meet your father sometime.
