本文是《英语科技论文写作（通信、计算机、密码、测绘版）》一书的摘抄，包括了学术论文的问题特点、语言表达技巧、常见错误、表格插图公式的描述模板等内容。

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英语科技论文的特点之一就是大量使用科技词汇，主要包括以下几类：

• 纯科技词汇。如diode（二极管）、database（数据库）等。
• 通用科技词汇。如power在机械力学中词义为“力”、“电”、“电力”、“动力”、“电源”、“功率”的等，在数学中为“乘方”、“次方”、“幂”。feed一词有“馈电”、“供水”、“输送”、“进刀”等意。
• 普通词汇专业化
• 合成词。如software（软件）、hoursepower（马力）等。
• 混成词。如comsat（通信卫星）、hi-tech（高新技术）等。
• 派生词。如前缀hydro-，hyper-，hypo-，inter-等。
• 缩略词。如IC（integrated circuit）集成电路、AI（artificial intelligence）人工智能
• 语体正式词。动词短语宜用与之对应的、意义明确的单个词的动词。如：

• 较多使用被动语态
• 较多使用非谓语动词（分词、动名词、动词不定式及其复合结构）。例如：Compared with DoD's plan, the options would yield greater improvemnets in reception and would yield improvements sooner.A theoretical framework is provided, consisting of negative reinforcing feedback loops that act as drivers behind future industry change.
• 大量使用名词化结构（主要是用具有动词意义的名词 of 修饰词）。
• 非人称句使用频繁（第三人称作主语的句子）。

• 选用具体的表达，避免抽象的表达。例如：a1：Our experimenntal data are not precise because the devices are in poor condition.（含糊）a2：Our experimenntal data are not precise because the devices are not working properly.（具体）b1:The results seem to be satisfactory.（含糊）b2:We are satisfied with the result that . （具体）

下列几个词语的相对意义不够确切，尽量少用：in the case of, generally, somewhat, unduly, several, fairly, rather, overall, certain, as such, anticipate, presently等

• 选用较为正式的动词
• 区别易混淆词、同义词和近义词。例如：The first result was obtained after approximately four minutes.句中的approximately与about, around, roughly都表示“大约大概”的意思，但approximately比其他词更准确。近义词举例：'consist of'用主动语态，而compose的用法是“整体 be composed of 组成部分”：a1:This process consists of the translation, reconstruction, and interpretation of three basic elements of the application.a2:Java applications are composed of one or more class files, one file per class.
• 避免使用引起歧义的词语

1、 名词短语代替从句。名词短语可以替代状语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句、同位语从句。

• If the temperature of engines decreases dramatically, the fuel consumption of automobiles will increase.（条件状语从句可以简化为：A dramatic decrease in the tenperature of engines will result in an increase in the fuel consumption of automobiles.）
• Note that the result is accurate. （宾语从句可以简化为：Note the accuracy of the result.）
• One of the advantages of the machines is that they are small in size. （表语从句可以简化为：One of the advantages of the machine is their small size.）
• To resolve the problem that malicious software load more and more harm to computer system, SRN mechanism is put forward. （同位语从句及其先行词可以简化为：To resolve the increasing harm of malicious software on computer system, SRN machanism is put forward.）
• The value is the highest in the experiment. （可以简化为：The experiment has the highest value.）
• Check Mate is a program analysis framework for Java. It uses Jchord to instrument lock acquires and releases. （两句话可以合并为：Check Mate, a program analysis framework for Java, uses Jchord to instrument lock acquires and releases.）

2、 形容词短语代替从句。形容词短语不仅可以充当定语，有时还可以替代从句表示原因、状态或补充说明。

• The satellites which are capable of transmitting M-code signals were already in orbit as of August 2011. （定语从句可以简化为：Ten satellites capable of transmitting M-code signals were already in orbit as of August 2011.）

3、 副词短语替代从句

• As far as the theory and computation are concerned, material anisotropy and layering pose great challenges. （状语从句可以简化为：Material anisotropy and layering pose great challenges both theoretically and computationally.）

4、 介词短语代替从句

• It's a simple and scalable protocol, which performs well for average-case loads and operating conditions. （非限制性定语从句可简化为：with good performance for average-case loads and operating conditions）
• The communication interface should be rather simple to implement. It dosen't need specialized communication controllers. （第二句可简化为：without specialized communication controllers）

5、 分词短语代替从句。现在分词表示主动含义，过去分词表示被动含义。

• This paper gives an overview of GRASP, and also describes its basic components and enhancements to the basic procedure. （并列动词可简化为：describing its basic components and enhancements to the basic procedure）
• From the class of protocols that is triggered by event, the controller area network bus is used in many automotive applications. （定语从句可简化为：From the eventtriggered class of protocols,...）

6、 动名词短语替代从句。动名词短语可以替代主语从句、宾语从句，作介词宾语可以替代状语从句，有时也可以把并列句简化为简单句。

• You can transmit F three times clearly, but it doesn't do the trick. （并列句可简化为：Transmitting F three times clearly doesn't do the trick.）

7、 不定式短语替代从句，不定式短语经常用来替代目的状语。

• There was a choice that can not be avoided between privacy and user-desired functionality. （后置定语可简化为：There was an unavoidable choice between privacy and user-desired functionality.）

1、 省略谓语

• Scheme 1 got the highest average while Scheme 2 got the lowest. （Scheme 1 got the highest average while Scheme 2 the lowest.）

2、 省略从句中部分成分

• When used without a recovery service, Carburizer identifies bugs for a programmer to fix. （省略了it is）
• When confronted with real devices that misbehave, these assumptions can lead to driver or system failures. （省略了thay are）

3、 利用缩略词

4、 简化习语和词组

• 表示时间和顺序关系：after, before, first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), last(ly), then, in the first place, to begin with, next, finally, later, afterwards, meanwhile, in the mean time, in the past, at present, presently, ultimately, recently
• 表示空间关系：here, there, nearby, under, below, in front of, in the middle of, at the back of, on the top of, at the bottom of
• 表示递增关系：and, also, in addition,additionally, besides, further, furthermore, moreover, what is more
• 表示转折关系：however, nevertheless, but, although, yet, while, in spite of, instead, now that, whereas
• 表示相似关系：similarly, equally, likewise, in the same way, in a like manner
• 表示对比关系：in contrast, alternately, on the contrary, not...but...
• 表示因果关系：since, because, as a result, due to, thanks to, for this reason, therefore, consequently, accordingly, thus, so, hence
• 表示让步关系：however, nevertheless, though, on the other hand, yet, still, in any case, after all, anyway
• 表示列举或重复诉述内容：for example, for instance, such as, namely, in other words, that is to say, that is, e.g., i.e., as before, as has been stated, as discudded previously, again, in review, as shown in Fig.2, to reiterate
• 表示总结：in conclusion, to sumup, in short, in a word, in brief, briefly speaking, on the whole

代词的使用既可以避免词重复，使行文简洁，也可以使语句衔接更为紧密。

• a1: So instead of enlarging the line size, we choose to implemnet a fetch size. It is different from thr line size.
• a2: So instead of enlarging the line size, we choose to implemnet a fetch size which is different from thr line size.

• The SMART-3D architecture achieves speedups from 1.53 to 2.14 over planar designs and from 1.27 to 1.72 over prior 3D designs.（介词短语平行）
• Therefore, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to compute them both accurately and efficiently.（副词平行）

1、 不规则变化的名词单复数

2、 一些特殊的名词

data通常作复数名词，而research、work是不可数名词

3、 主谓一致

one of 复数名词 单数动词

none of 复数名词 单数动词

none of 单数名词/不可数名词 单数动词

no 复数名词 复数动词

a kind of 单数名词 单数动词

this/that kind of 单数名词 单数动词

these kind of 复数名词 复数动词

复数名词 of this/that kind （sort） 复数动词

a type of 单数名词 单数动词

a series of 复数名词 复数动词

the number of 复数名词 单数动词

a number of 复数名词 复数动词

4、 后面通常用复数名词的词

variois，most，all，many，several， one of， many of， kinds of， a number of， the number of， a（wide）variety of， a class of， a series of， a wide range of

5、 修饰可数名词和不可数名词的量词

• 修饰可数名词的量词有：a few of，many，a number of
• 修饰不可数名词的量词有：a great/small/certain amount of，agreat/good deal of
• 修饰可数和不可数名词均可的量词有：a lot of，lots of

6、 以下结构中谓语的数

• 由靠近谓语动词的名词或代词来决定谓语的数的短语有：not only……but also……， either……or……， neither……nor……
• as well as 谓语动词往往用复数

• 第一次出现或表示泛指的单数名词前一般要加不定冠词a/an
• 有修饰词的、特指的或再次出现的单数名词前一般要加定冠词the，但有些情况可以不加
• 无特指或无修饰词的复数名词前不加定冠词the，特指的或被修饰的复数名词前一般加the

• 动名词：由动词原形加后缀ing构成，可做主语、宾语和表语，与介词构成的介词短语（如in/on/without doing）可做定语、状语
• 现在分词：由动词原形 ing构成，可做定语、补语和状语，表示主动、正在进行的含义
• 过去分词：由动词原形 ed构成（规则动词），可做定语、补语，少部分可做状语（如Given……），表示被动的含义
• 不定式：由动词原形前加to构成，可做主语、宾语、定语、补语和目的状语，表示将来、目的性含义

第四章、第五章 略

• figure，通常指几何图形或图案，不管什么图都可以用figure表示。
• diagram，用于一般的图形、图表
• graph，一般用于指曲线图、标绘图
• plot，往往可以与graph互换
• view，一般用于机械图或各种结构图中的各向视图
• profile，一般指零部件的外形轮廓图，剖面形状图，也可以指各种分布图
• pattern，指图型、图案、花纹等
• drawing，主要用于各种工程图纸及有关工程设计的附图、插图
• chart，多用于航线图和某种方向的图
• map，地图、天体图、布局图及一些专用图形
• sketch，一般指粗略勾画的示意图、草图
• layout，着重于被描述对象的总体概貌，外形轮廓，总体安排和设计
• line，一般仅用于线条描绘的轮廓和外形图
• scheme，草图，示意图

• As shown in Table 1
• ... is shown in Table 1
• Table 1 shows that...
• Each methods is proved to be effective(Table 1)

• 描述一般变化：

• 描述剧烈变化：

• 描述变化结果